You've learned how to connect nouns in Korean using 하고, (이)랑, and 와/과. One thing that you were told was that they are meant to connect nouns and you can't use them to connect sentences. Then how can we connect two sentences as "and" in Korean? You will learn about it here!
0. Words
Here are some useful words you need to know in this lesson!
나 [na] (not polite version) I
너 [neo] (not polite version) you
아빠 [ah-bba] dad
엄마 [eom-ma] mom
예쁘다 [yae-bbeu-da] to be pretty
착하다 [cha-ka-da] to be kind
키가 크다 [ki-ga keu-da] to be tall
잘생기다 [jal saeng-gyeo-dda] to be handsome
Weather-related terms: To proceed with this lesson, it is good to know the weather-related words. If you want to learn or review them, please click here.
1. 그리고
그리고 [geu-li-go] is a conjunctive adverb, meaning “and” or “and then”. You can use this to connect nouns, phrases, and clauses. Though, usually 하고, (이)랑, 와/과 are more often used to connect nouns.
나 그리고 너 [na geu-li-go neo] = 나 하고 너 [na ha-go neo]
me and you
바람이 불어요. 그리고 비가 와요. [ba-la-mi bu-leo-yo. geu-li-go bi-ga-wa-yo]
It’s windy. And it’s rainy.
아빠는 선생님이에요. 그리고 엄마는 의사예요. [ah-bba-neun seon-saeng-ni-mi-eh-yo. geu-li-go eom-ma-neun ui-sa-ye-yo]
My dad is a teacher. And my mom is a doctor.
식당에 갔어요. 그리고 밥을 먹었어요. [sik-ddang-eh ga-sse-yo. geu-li-go ba-beul meo-geo-sseo-yo]
I went to a restaurant. And then I had a meal.
2. -고
1) -고 [go] is a connective ending. That means it combines two sentences into one, adding the meaning "and". It is used to equally connect two or more facts of content regardless of time or order. Here is an example for you to combine two verbs (sentences).
바람이 불다 [ba-la-mi bul-da] to be windy + 비가 오다 [bi-ga oh-da] to be rainy
→ 바람이 불고 비가 오다. → You have to conjugate the last verb as well!
→ 바람이 불고 비가 와요. [ba-la-mi bul-go bi-ga-wa-yo] It’s windy and rainy.
2) You are probably able to tell where this 고 from. Yes, 그리고! They both mean “and.” However, while 그리고 simply is attached to the second clause (or sentence), 고 makes them into one.
It’s windy and rainy.
바람이 불어요. 그리고 비가 와요. [ba-la-mi bu-leo-yo. geu-li-go bi-ga-wa-yo]
= 바람이 불고 비가 와요. [ba-la-mi bul-go bi-ga-wa-yo] It’s windy and rainy.
My dad is a teacher and my mom is a doctor.
아빠는 선생님이에요. 그리고 엄마는 의사예요. - Two sentences
(O) = 아빠는 선생님이고 엄마는 의사예요. - One sentence
3) 고 can be attached with a verb stem or an adjective stem, 이다 (be) or 아니다 (be not). It just has one form. So, you don’t have to worry about various conjugation rules! Good news, right? Please just add 고 to the stem.
Verbs 동사 [dong-sa]
읽다 → 읽고 [il-ggo] read and
사다 → 사고 [sa-go] buy and
듣다 → 듣고 [deud-ggo] listen and
Adjectives 형용사 [hyeong-yong-sa]
작다 → 작고 [jak-ggo] small and
크다 → 크고 [keu-go] big and
파랗다 → 파랗고 [pa-la-ko] blue and
책상이다 → 책상이고 [chaek-sang-i-go] a desk and
의자이다 → 의자이고 [ui-ja-i-go] = 의자고 [ui-ja-go] a chair and
☆ In the case of N이다, when the noun ends with a vowel (when it doesn’t have a final consonant), 이고 can be shortened to just 고.
책상이 아니다 → 책상이 아니고 [chaek-sang-i ah-ni-go] not a desk and
의자가 아니다 → 의자가 아니고 [ui-ja-ga ah-ni-go] not a chair and
4) Since 고 connects things equally, you can switch the first and second clauses.
비가 오고 시원해요. = 시원하고 비가 와요.
It’s rainy and cool. = It’s cool and rainy.
5) The subject of the first and second clauses can be the same or different.
The subjects of the first and second sentences are the same.
앤지씨는 예쁘다. + 앤지씨는 착하다. →
앤지 씨는 예쁘고 착해요. [en-ji ssi-neun yea-bbeu-go cha-kae-yo]
Anji is pretty and kind.
The subjects of the first and second sentences are different.
아빠는 선생님이다. + 엄마는 의사이다. →
아빠는 선생님이고 엄마는 의사예요. [ah-bba-neun seon-saeng-ni-mi-go eom-ma-neun ui-sa-ye-yo]
My dad is a teacher and my mom is a doctor.
3. Examples
1
민수 씨는 한국에 살아요. 그리고 잭 씨는 미국에 살아요.
= 민수 씨는 한국에 살고 잭 씨는 미국에 살아요.
[min-su ssi-neun han-gu-gae sal-go jak ssi-neun mi-gu-gae sa-la-yo]
Minsu is living in Korea and Jack is living in the U.S.
↪ 살다 [sal-da] means to live.
2
이것은 지우개고 그것은 연필이에요. [i-geo-seun ji-u-gae-go geu-geo-seun yeon-pi-li-eh-yo]
It’s an eraser and that is a pencil.
↪ 이것 [i-geot] means this and it is used to point something close to a speaker. 그것 [geu-geot] means that and it is used to point something close to a listener.
3
Q: 오늘 날씨가 어때요? [oh-neul nal-ssi-ga eo-ddae-yo?] How’s the weather today?
A: 춥고 눈이 와요. [chup-ggo nu-ni-wa-yo] It’s cold and snowy.
↪ You can switch the order and say 눈이 오고 추워요. [nu-ni-oh-go chu-wo-yo], like you can do so in English!
4
앤 씨는 캐나다 사람이고 준 씨는 영국 사람이에요.
[en ssi-neun kae-na-da sa-la-mi-go jun ssi-neun young-guk sa-la-mi-eh-yo]
Ann is Canadian and Jun is British.
5
민수 씨는 키가 크고 잘생겼어요. [min-su ssi-neun ki-ga keu-go jal-saeng-gyeo-sseo-yo]
Minsu is tall and handsome.
↪ 키가 크다 [ki-ga keu-da] means "to be tall." 잘생기다 [jal-saeng-gi-da] means "to be handsome." Both are used to describe 민수, so you can switch the two verbs without any problem!
4. Quiz
5. Wrap-up: And in Korean
그리고 and 고 can connect two or more sentences as "and".
고 is a connective ending and can be attached to verbs, adjectives, 이다, and 아니다.
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